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- NATURE, Page 116A Trinity of Families
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- Scientists reduce all matter to three fundamental types
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- Mid-October is the season for naming Nobel laureates, but it
- is also a propitious time for scientists to reveal discoveries that
- may win future Nobels. Last week, even as this year's Nobel winners
- were reacting to their awards, two teams of physicists made just
- such a landmark announcement. In rival statements -- one from the
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in California, the other from
- the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva --
- scientists disclosed findings they say establishes beyond a
- reasonable doubt that the universe contains precisely three
- fundamental types, or families, of matter. No more, no less.
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- No, they are not animal, vegetable and mineral. In fact, all
- the matter most people are familiar with can be subsumed within one
- family of particles. This family includes the common electron,
- which hovers around the nucleus of the atom; the "up" and "down"
- varieties of quarks, now known to be the constituents of protons
- and neutrons; and an obscure particle known as the electron
- neutrino. Neutrinos have no charge and no measured mass, yet are
- thought to be among the most abundant particles in the universe.
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- The members of the other two families are even more elusive.
- Some have never been directly observed, and the others have only
- been spotted fleetingly in cosmic rays or high-energy particle
- accelerators. The second family consists of so-called "charmed" and
- "strange" quarks, muons and muon neutrinos. The third is made up
- of "top" and "bottom" quarks, tau particles and tau neutrinos. Last
- week's announcements do not preclude the possibility that other
- types of particles could be discovered, but they raise the odds
- against that happening, by Stanford's estimate, to better than 25
- to 1.
-
- These odds were calculated by observing the behavior of the Z
- particle, the heaviest known unit of matter. Zs are produced in
- the collision of smaller particles that have been accelerated to
- nearly the speed of light. By creating large numbers of Z
- particles, physicists were able to establish the energy range
- required to form a Z. Working backward from that energy range, they
- then calculated whether the laws of nature could accommodate more
- than the three known types of matter. Last week's results made it
- more than likely that the answer is no.
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- Why is this important? Because gnawing uncertainty about the
- number of particle families had plagued two theories that are the
- foundation of modern physics: the Big Bang theory of the creation
- of the universe and the Standard Model of the building blocks of
- matter.
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- The significance of the new findings was underscored by the
- haste with which they were revealed. The Stanford team, led by
- Burton Richter (a 1976 Nobel laureate), went public first, issuing
- a press release only one day before a European symposium at which
- CERN's findings were to have been presented. That led to charges
- of bad sportsmanship from some of the CERN team, led by Carlo
- Rubbia (1984 Nobel), whose results are said to be more accurate and
- even more definitive.
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